The European Union: Artificial Intelligence Act
Sunday, 28 May 2023 - 11:00 am (CET/MEZ) Berlin | Author/Destination: Knut WingschCategory/Kategorie: General, EU blog post series, European Union Reading Time: 45 minutes
(Latest update: 10 February 2024) The Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) is a regulation proposed on 21 April 2021 by the European Commission which aims to introduce a common regulatory and legal framework for artificial intelligence. Its scope encompasses all sectors (except for military), and to all types of artificial intelligence. As a piece of product regulation, the proposal does not confer rights on individuals, but regulates the providers of artificial intelligence systems, and entities making use of them in a professional capacity.
The proposed EU Artificial Intelligence Act aims to classify and regulate artificial intelligence applications based on their risk to cause harm. This classification primarily falls into three categories: banned practices, high-risk systems, and other AI systems.
Banned practices are those that employ artificial intelligence to cause subliminal manipulation or exploit people’s vulnerabilities that may result in physical or psychological harm, make indiscriminate use of real-time remote biometric identification in public spaces for law enforcement, or use AI-derived ‘social scores’ by authorities to unfairly disadvantage individuals or groups. The Act entirely prohibits the latter, while an authorisation regime is proposed for the first three in the context of law enforcement.
High-risk systems, as per the Act, are those that pose significant threats to health, safety, or the fundamental rights of persons. They require a compulsory conformity assessment, undertaken as self-assessment by the provider, before being launched in the market. Particularly critical applications, such as those for medical devices, require the provider’s self-assessment under AI Act requirements to be considered by the notified body conducting the assessment under existing EU regulations, like the Medical Devices Regulation.
AI systems outside the categories above are not subject to any regulation, with Member States largely prevented from further regulating them via maximum harmonisation. Existing national laws related to the design or use of such systems are disapplied. However, a voluntary code of conduct for such systems is envisaged, though not from the outset.
The Act further proposes the introduction of a European Artificial Intelligence Board to promote national cooperation and ensure compliance with the regulation.
Like the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation, the AI Act could become a global standard. It is already having impact beyond Europe; in September 2021, Brazil’s Congress passed a bill that creates a legal framework for artificial intelligence. The European Council adopted its general approach on the AI Act on 6 December 2022. Germany supports the Council’s position but still sees some need for further improvement as formulated in an accompanying statement by the member state. Among the measures likely to be proposed is for AI developers for products such as Open AI’s ChatGPT to declare whether copyrighted material was used to train their technology.
Read more on European Commission – Excellence and trust in artificial intelligence, A European approach to artificial intelligence, Regulatory framework proposal on artificial intelligence, AI rules: what the European Parliament wants, Artificial intelligence: threats and opportunities, Document 52021PC0206 – LAYING DOWN HARMONISED RULES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACT) AND AMENDING CERTAIN UNION LEGISLATIVE ACTS, ArtificialIntelligenceAct.eu, Forbes, 31 January 2022: Human Borgs: How Artificial Intelligence Can Kill Creativity And Make Us Dumber, Wired, 13 July 2022: When AI Makes Art, Humans Supply the Creative Spark (Wikipedia Artificial intelligence art), BBC, 28 November 2022: The weird and wonderful art created when AI and humans unite, The Atlantic, 7 December 2022: ChatGPT Is Dumber Than You Think, NPR, 19 December 2022: A new AI chatbot might do your homework for you. 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Now It’s Grappling With AI., BBC, 12 July 2023: Elon Musk announces new AI start-up, Politico.eu, 13 July 2023: Google rolls out AI chatbot Bard in EU, NPR, 13 July 2023: FTC investigating ChatGPT over potential consumer harm, The Atlantic, 13 July 2023: AI Won’t Really Kill Us All, Will It?, The Guardian, 13 July 2023: Hollywood: Actors announce strike in first joint action with writers in 60 years, The New York Times, 13 July 2023: TV and Movie Actors Vote for Biggest Walkout in Four Decades, El Pais, 14 July 2023: Hollywood looks into the abyss: Striking actors will begin picketing alongside writers in fight over industry’s future, Politico.com, 14 July 2023: Bias in AI is real. But it doesn’t have to exist., The Guardian, 14 July 2023: Explained: The Hollywood actors’ strike: everything you need to know, Vulture, 14 July 2023: So, How’s Your Strike Going?, The New York Times, 14 July 2023: Actors Picket From Coast to Coast as Strike Gets Underway, Los Angeles Times, 14 July 2023: Hollywood actors hit picket lines as SAG-AFTRA joins WGA in historic double strike, The Economist, 14 July 2023: An all-out strike brings Hollywood to a halt, The New York Times, 15 July 2023: In Hollywood, the Strikes Are Just Part of the Problem, Los Angeles Times, 15 July 2023: What to know about an actors’ strike: Five questions answered, The Times, 15 July 2023: AI mimicked my voice so well, it even fooled my Mum, Japan Times, 16 July 2023: Sumitomo Mitsui executive sees AI as chance for Japan’s regrowth, Foreign Policy, 16 July 2023: Can ChatGPT Explain Geopolitics?, The Bulletin, 17 July 2023: ‘Artificial Escalation’: Imagining the future of nuclear risk, El Pais, 17 July 2023: AI fuels rise of content farms and fake news outlets, The Times, 17 July 2023: Hollywood strike shows we must act fast on AI, The National, 18 July 2023: UK’s Cleverly says nations must work together on AI governance, Business Insider, 19 July 2023: The AI behind ChatGPT really does seem to be getting dumber — but no one can quite figure out why, Politico.eu, 19 July 2023: UK spy agency tools up on AI to counter China, its chief says, San Francisco Chronicle, 20 July 2023: No, AI is most certainly not the new Manhattan Project, CNN, 20 July 2023: Google is building an AI tool for journalists, The New York Times, 20 July 2023: An A.I. 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A Donald Trump chatbot is about to be unleashed., Arab News, 13 September 2023: How AI can help us fulfill the smart city dream, France24, 14 September 2023: ‘Diverse views’ in US Senate over how to regulate artificial intelligence, BBC, 14 September 2023: ‘Overwhelming consensus’ on AI regulation – Musk, The National, 14 September 2023: AI doesn’t herald the end of Wikipedia, says founder, El Pais, 14 September 2023: US tech royalty attends Congress to discuss AI regulation, The Economist, 14 September 2023: How artificial intelligence can revolutionise science, The National, 14 September 2023: UK AI company launches self-drive tech that explains actions, The New Yorker, 15 September 2023: A.I. and the Next Generation of Drone Warfare, The Guardian, 15 September 2023: Rishi Sunak considers banning Chinese officials from half of AI summit, NPR, 16 September 2023: ‘Dr. Google’ meets its match in Dr. ChatGPT, Arab News, 19 September 2023: AI project to help visually impaired people wins top prize at the Saudi Graduate Support Initiative, Jerusalem Post, 19 September 2023: Israel unveils IDF’s new AI-powered ‘Barak’ super tank, The Hill, 20 September 2023: Songwriters seek AI protections, The Economist, 21 September 2023: ChatGPT mania may be cooling, but a serious new industry is taking shape, DW, 22 September 2023: OpenAI lawsuit: US authors allege ChatGPT copyright theft, DW, 22 September 2023: This AI startup is powered by people with disabilities, San Francisco Chronicle, 23 September 2023: Artificial intelligence, hip-hop and classical music commingle at 112th S.F. 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Wars Have Three Factions, and They All Crave Power, The National, 29 September 2023: Doctor AI and your digital twin – the future of diagnosis, Jerusalem Post, 30 September 2023: AI set to change our water landscape, DW, 30 September 2023: US-China ‘tech war’: AI sparks first battle in Middle East, Jerusalem Post, 30 September 2023: ChatGPT, AI can know us better than we know ourselves, study finds, France24, 30 September 2023: ‘Counterfeit people’: The dangers posed by Meta’s AI celebrity lookalike chatbots, Jerusalem Post, 30 September 2023: When machines develop desires, humanity is in danger, The Guardian, 30 September 2023: Artificial intelligence: Authors shocked to find AI ripoffs of their books being sold on Amazon, CNN, 1 October 2023: AI girlfriends are here and they’re posing a threat to a generation of men, The Hill, 1 October 2023: Blumenthal, Hawley AI framework could damage AI industry, violate First Amendment, The Atlantic, 2 October 2023: Artists Are Losing the War Against AI, Le Monde, 3 October 2023: ‘Generative AI doesn’t hesitate to plagiarize on a massive scale’, The National, 5 October 2023: AI technology can aid rescue efforts during natural disasters, experts say, The National, 7 October 2023: Generative AI biggest game-changer in education since ’90s internet boom, UAE experts say, Le Monde, 7 October 2023: AI and culture, friends or foes?, Foreign Policy, 7 October 2023: The Cloud Can Solve America’s AI Problems, Jerusalem Post, 7 October 2023: Could AI plan buoy Israel’s floundering hi-tech?, Le Monde, 8 October 2023: ‘ChatGPT, what are we doing for dinner tonight?’, El Pais, 9 October 2023: AI Tinder already exists: ‘Real people will disappoint you, but not them’, The Atlantic, 11 October 2023: The New AI Panic, The New York Times, 11 October 2023: We Worry About the A.I. of the Future, but Self-Driving Cars Are Harming Us Now, The National, 11 October 2023: Generative AI to help Emirates airline improve customer service and crew training, The Guardian, 12 October 2023: Algorithms are hiring and firing us now – but tougher EU laws could protect workers, Foreign Affairs, 13 October 2023: The Path to AI Arms Control, The Wall Street Journal, 17 October 2023: WSJ Tech Live 2023: OpenAI’s Sam Altman and Meta’s Chris Cox to Headline, Politico.eu, 19 October 2023: European election at risk from AI, says EU’s cyber agency, Politico.com, 19 October 2023: Prioritizing Responsible AI: A Conversation with Eric Loeb, The New York Times, 20 October 2023: OpenAI Is in Talks for Deal That Would Value Company at $80 Billion, The National, 20 October 2023: Artificial Intelligence-based tool developed to estimate cancer survival rates, The Atlantic, 20 October 2023: AI is about to photoshop your memories, The New York Times, 20 October 2023: Peering into A.I.’s black box, who’s the real techno-optimist?, El Pais, 21 October 2023: I researched an AI dating assistant and they tried to trick me: A journalist’s guide to avoiding catfishing, Foreign Policy, 21 October 2023: AI Will First Come for Women, The Atlantic, 24 October 2023: AI Has a Hotness Problem, The Economist, 25 October 2023: AI can catalogue a forest’s inhabitants simply by listening, France24, 26 October 2023: AI-generated images add to the confusion in the war between Israel and Hamas, The Hill, 26 October 2023: Schumer puts steep price tag on AI rules, The Economist, 26 October 2023: Governments must not rush into policing AI, Politico.com, 27 October 2023: Transforming the Logistics Industry, The Guardian, 28 October 2023: ‘It’s just a matter of time’: Why AI could help Europe create its own Apple or Google, The Guardian, 29 October 2023: ‘Real threat to the public conversation’: AI doomsday warnings a distraction from the danger it already poses, warns expert, The Times, 30 October 2023: Civil servants wanted to ban Israel from AI talks, The Atlantic, 30 October 2023: The White House Is Preparing for an AI-Dominated Future, The Hill, 30 October 2023: Biden signs AI executive order, The Times, 30 October 2023: The real threat of AI is fostering extremism, Politico.eu, 31 October 2023: UK, US slated to announce AI safety partnership, DW, 1 November 2023: AI summit in UK seeks global consensus on mitigating risk, Politico.eu, 1 November 2023: Rishi Sunak defends Elon Musk ahead of AI summit face-to-face, France24, 2 November 2023: Elon Musk issues warning about ‘humanoid robots’ in AI ‘age of abundance’, BBC, 2 November 2023: Killer robots and work-free lives – Sunak quizzes Musk on AI future, Politico.eu, 2 November 2023: When Elon met Rishi: 5 things we learned from the Musk-Sunak love-in , France24, 2 November 2023: UN chief Guterres calls for ‘united’ response to AI threats at UK summit, Arab News, 2 November 2023: Saudi Arabia is one of 28 countries to sign Bletchley Declaration to ensure safe use of AI, Politico.eu, 2 November 2023: Elon Musk hails Rishi Sunak’s ‘essential’ decision to invite China to UK AI summit, The Times, 2 November 2023: Elon Musk tells Rishi Sunak at summit: AI ‘will eliminate jobs’, Politico.eu, 2 November 2023: British PM Rishi Sunak secures ‘landmark’ deal on AI testing, The National, 3 November 2023: Elon Musk warns of a future where ‘no job is needed’ in conversation with Rishi Sunak, Politico.eu, 4 November 2023: AI and how world leaders see its future, Financial Times, 5 November 2023: Elon Musk releases new AI chatbot ‘Grok’ in bid to take on ChatGPT, The Guardian, 5 November 2023: Grok: Elon Musk unveils AI chatbot with a ‘rebellious streak’, The Washington Post, 5 November 2023: AI fake nudes are booming. It’s ruining real teens’ lives., Financial Times, 6 November 2023: We must stop AI replicating the problems of surveillance capitalism, The New York Times, 7 November 2023: A.I. Is Already Inflicting Harm in the Real World, NPR, 10 November 2023: The alleged theft at the heart of ChatGPT, DW, 10 November 2023: Fact check: AI fakes in Israel’s war against Hamas, Arab News, 11 November 2023: AI regulation battle is only just beginning, The Hill, 11 November 2023: Either the law will govern AI, or AI will govern the law, The New Yorker, 13 November 2023: Fiction: According to Alice, DW, 14 November 2023: How AI can detect diabetes with a 10-second voice sample, The Hill, 14 November 2023: YouTube requires users to disclose AI-created content, The Atlantic, 16 November 2023: Don’t Be Fooled by the AI Apocalypse, DW, 17 November 2023: Sam Altman: OpenAI CEO ousted from company, board declares, Bloomberg, 17 November 2023: OpenAI Ousts Altman as CEO; Board Says It Lost Confidence in Him, Politico.com, 17 November 2023: Sam Altman ousted from OpenAI, CNN, 17 November 2023: AI used against candidates in this country’s election, Le Monde, 17 November 2023: ChatGPT-maker Open AI fires CEO Sam Altman, The Atlantic, 17 November 2023: The Sudden Fall of Sam Altman, El Pais, 17 November 2023: With digital twins, AI transforms the relationship between celebrities and fans, San Francisco Chronicle, 17 November 2023: OpenAI CEO Sam Altman pushed out for not being ‘candid’ with board, The New York Times, 18 November 2023: The Fear and Tension That Led to Sam Altman’s Ouster at OpenAI, Reuters, 18 November 2023: Ousted OpenAI CEO Altman planning new AI venture, sources say, The Times, 18 November 2023: Sam Altman sacked by OpenAI after directors lose confidence in him, The Washington Post, 18 November 2023: Sam Altman’s ouster at OpenAI exposes growing rift in AI industry, Bloomberg, 18 November 2023: The Perpetual Rise of Sam Altman Takes an Unexpected Turn, The Hill, 18 November 2023: Scams targeting seniors are climbing. AI will only make it worse., DW, 18 November 2023: Crisis deepens at OpenAI after more resignations, France24, 18 November 2023: OpenAI shocks tech world with firing of ChatGPT CEO Sam Altman, The Guardian, 18 November 2023: OpenAI: Sacked chief ‘was planning to launch new firm’, The Times, 18 November 2023: Sam Altman’s mysterious sacking has shocked Silicon Valley — what happened?, Politico.eu, 18 November 2023: Ousted OpenAI CEO Altman welcome in France, digital minister says, The New York Times, 18 November 2023: Many Details of Sam Altman’s Ouster Are Murky. But Some Things Are Clear., The Atlantic, 19 November 2023: Inside the Chaos at OpenAI, The Guardian, 19 November 2023: OpenAI investors push for return of ousted CEO Sam Altman, Al Arabiya, 19 November 2023: Germany, France and Italy reach agreement on future AI regulation, Politico.eu, 20 November 2023: Power grab by France, Germany and Italy threatens to kill EU’s AI bill, The New York Times, 20 November 2023: “I think we’re heading toward the best world ever,” Sam Altman said in an interview, days before his ouster., CNN, 20 November 2023: 505 OpenAI employees threaten to quit and call on the board to resign over Sam Altman’s firing, Politico.com, 20 November 2023: Washington watches as West Coast nerds fight for future of AI, DW, 20 November 2023: OpenAI appoints new boss, Sam Altman joins Microsoft, El Pais, 20 November 2023: From fascination to fear of a hidden agenda: The year of ChatGPT will define the battle for the future of humanity, NPR, 20 November 2023: Ousted OpenAI leader Sam Altman joins Microsoft, The Hill, 20 November 2023: OpenAI’s loss is Microsoft’s gain, Los Angeles Times, 20 November 2023: OpenAI’s board had safety concerns. Big Tech obliterated them in 48 hours, Le Monde, 20 November 2023: Sam Altman hired by Microsoft, BBC, 20 November 2023: Sam Altman: What on earth is happening at OpenAI?, The New York Times, 21 November 2023: The OpenAI Coup Is Great for Microsoft. What Does It Mean for Us?, The Guardian, 21 November 2023: Microsoft chief says ‘no OpenAI’ without tech giant’s involvement, The New York Times, 21 November 2023: The Long Shadow of Steve Jobs Looms Over the Turmoil at OpenAI, BBC, 21 November 2023: OpenAI staff demand board resign over Sam Altman sacking, Arab News, 21 November 2023: OpenAI appoints new boss as Sam Altman joins Microsoft in Silicon Valley twist, Politico.eu, 21 November 2023: OpenAI and Silicon Valley’s new era of personal rule, The Atlantic, 21 November 2023: OpenAI’s Chief Scientist Made a Tragic Miscalculation, The New York Times, 21 November 2023: As A.I.-Controlled Killer Drones Become Reality, Nations Debate Limits, Le Monde, 21 November 2023: Sam Altman vs. Ilya Sutskever: ‘The artificial intelligence schism is consummated’, CNN, 21 November 2023: The fate of OpenAI hangs in the balance, Politico.eu, 21 November 2023: After OpenAI’s stunning ouster, policymakers are warning that AI could turn the economy on its head, The Atlantic, 21 November 2023: The Money Always Wins, The Hill, 22 November 2023: OpenAI-Sam Altman saga: What we know so far, The New Yorker, 22 November 2023: Chaos in the Cradle of A.I., The Atlantic, 22 November 2023: The OpenAI Mess Is About One Big Thing, Politico.com, 22 November 2023: How the OpenAI ouster that wasn’t is playing on K Street, NPR, 22 November 2023: OpenAI reinstates Sam Altman as its chief executive, El Pais, 23 November 2023: OpenAI researchers warned of breakthrough that threatens humanity before Altman’s dismissal, The Atlantic, 24 November 2023: AI’s Spicy-Mayo Problem, France24, 24 November 2023: Bouncing back: Silicon Valley bets on AI to regain past glory, El Pais, 25 November 2023: Pentagon’s AI initiatives accelerate hard decisions on lethal autonomous weapons, The New Yorker, 27 November 2023: How Jensen Huang’s Nvidia is powering the A.I. revolution, El Pais, 27 November 2023: Money imposes its law on OpenAI, The New York Times, 27 November 2023: U.S. Officials Fear A.I. Giant Could Be a Conduit to the Chinese Government, Politico.com, 27 November 2023: OpenAI and the future of the corporation, The Atlantic, 28 November 2023: Why Won’t OpenAI Say What the Q* Algorithm Is?, The New Yorker, 29 November 2023: How Moral Can A.I. Really Be?, The National, 30 November 2023: IBM and Nasa to launch new AI weather model to solve climate challenges, The Atlantic, 30 November 2023: One Year In, ChatGPT’s Legacy Is Clear, El Pais, 30 November 2023: Microsoft gets OpenAI board seat as a non-voting observer, Le Monde, 30 November 2023: ‘The Sam Altman saga shows that AI doomers have lost a battle’, DW, 1 December 2023: Could AI transform health care in Africa?, Politico.com, 4 December 2023: AI is driving Google’s health care business. Washington doesn’t know what to do about it., Politico.com, 4 December 2023: For AI experts, Biden admin explores updating Schedule A, DW, 6 December 2023: What does the EU’s AI Act mean for Europe’s SMEs?, France24, 6 December 2023: Google launches AI model Gemini, claims it outperforms ChatGPT, Politico.eu, 6 December 2023: France’s AI hopes collide with French love of regulating tech, DW, 6 December 2023: AI: EU holds crunch talks on landmark regulation, El Pais, 7 December 2023: Google launches Gemini, an AI model capable of outperforming humans in multitasking language comprehension, CNN, 8 December 2023: European Union agrees to regulate potentially harmful effects of artificial intelligence, El Pais, 8 December 2023: Why has the internet become so boring?, European Council, 8 December 2023: A digital future for Europe, The New Yorker, 8 December 2023: The Year A.I. Ate the Internet, The Guardian, 9 December 2023: ChatGPT exploded into public life a year ago. Now we know what went on behind the scenes, DW, 9 December 2023: EU provisionally agrees first AI regulations, Le Monde, 9 December 2023: European Union strikes landmark deal on AI regulation, France24, 9 December 2023: EU member states and lawmakers strike landmark deal on AI regulation, The Times, 9 December 2023: The AI rivals hoping to put Google search out of business, DW, 9 December 2023: How the EU plans to regulate artificial intelligence, NPR, 9 December 2023: Europe reaches a deal on the world’s first comprehensive AI rules, Politico.eu, 9 December 2023: EU negotiators strike political deal on AI Act, The National, 9 December 2023: What is the EU’s new AI Act and how will it affect the industry?, El Pais, 10 December 2023: Europe reaches a deal on the world’s first comprehensive AI rules, Politico.eu, 13 December 2023: Media company Axel Springer and OpenAI launch global partnership, The Guardian, 18 December 2023: Imran Khan deploys AI clone to campaign from behind bars in Pakistan, The Verge, 22 December 2023: AI companies would be required to disclose copyrighted training data under new bill, The New York Times, 26 December 2023: A.I. Is the Future of Photography. Does That Mean Photography Is Dead?, Irish Times, 27 December 2023: New York Times sues OpenAI and Microsoft for copyright infringement, The Washington Post, 27 December 2023: AI hallucinations? What’s not to love?, Politico.com, 30 December 2023: When Silicon Valley’s AI warriors came to Washington, El Pais, 1 January 2024: The hidden labor force behind ChatGPT: The drama of the ‘ghost workers’, Jerusalem Post, 1 January 2024: 93% of Israeli business leaders fear missing out on AI advancements, DW, 4 January 2024: Faster computers: First graphene semiconductor paves the way, Foreign Affairs, 12 January 2024: The Right Way to Regulate AI, The Atlantic, 12 January 2024: ChatGPT’s FarmVille Moment, The Hill, 14 January 2024: Unchecked AI rollout threatens privacy rights, San Francisco Chronicle, 14 January 2024: ‘Where is my son!’ Scammers using AI put Bay Area family through terrifying ordeal, Politico.eu, 16 January 2024: On AI, von der Leyen sees glass half full in Davos, The Guardian, 22 January 2024: OpenAI bans bot impersonating US presidential candidate Dean Phillips, The Economist, 25 January 2024: AI holds tantalising promise for the emerging world, BBC, 26 January 2024: Taylor Swift deepfakes spark calls in Congress for new legislation, NPR, 26 January 2024: Deepfakes exploiting Taylor Swift images exemplify a scourge with little oversight, The Guardian, 26 January 2024: George Carlin’s estate sues over AI-generated standup comedy special, BBC, 26 January 2024: TV channels are using AI-generated presenters to read the news. The question is, will we trust them?, The Hill, 27 January 2024: Microsoft CEO: AI needs ‘guardrails’ after fake explicit images of Taylor Swift go viral, InfoWorld, 30 January 2024: Most cloud-based genAI performance stinks, The New York Times, 1 February 2024: Can This A.I.-Powered Search Engine Replace Google? It Has for Our Columnist., BBC, 6 February 2024: Facebook and Instagram to label all fake AI images, Politico.eu, 7 February 2024: EU turns to Big Tech to help deepfake-proof election, The Economist, 8 February 2024: Vladimir Putin wants to catch up with the West in AI, Financial Times, 9 February 2024: Abu Dhabi AI group G42 sells its China stakes to appease US, The New York Times, 9 February 2024: The Friar Who Became the Vatican’s Go-To Guy on A.I., The Wall Street Journal, 10 February 2024: Tesla Was Once About Climate Change, Driverless Cars, AI. Now What? and Wikipedia Artificial Intelligence Act (Smart Traveler App by U.S. Department of State - Weather report by weather.com - Global Passport Power Rank - Travel Risk Map - Democracy Index - GDP according to IMF, UN, and World Bank - Global Competitiveness Report - Corruption Perceptions Index - Press Freedom Index - World Justice Project - Rule of Law Index - UN Human Development Index - Global Peace Index - Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index). Photos by Wikimedia Commons. If you have a suggestion, critique, review or comment to this blog entry, we are looking forward to receive your e-mail at comment@wingsch.net. Please name the headline of the blog post to which your e-mail refers to in the subject line.
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